![]() Despite PA being a complex and multifaceted construct measured using many approaches, unlike for the measurement of TEE, there is no recognized “gold standard” technique ( 3, 4).Ī large number of objective measurement approaches are available to quantify PA and EE of different populations. TEE is comprised of multiple components including physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE), resting energy expenditure (REE), and the thermic effect of food (TEF). The criterion or “gold standard” approach to assess total energy expenditure (TEE) in a free-living context is the doubly labeled water (DLW) technique. The terms are often considered synonymous but are inherently different and can be assessed using different approaches ( 2). Simply stated, PA is a behavior that results in an elevation of EE above resting levels. PA is defined as any bodily movement that results in EE ( 1) and accordingly, energy is expended as a result of PA. It is important to appreciate that PA and EE are different constructs. The ability to estimate PA and assess EE in free-living individuals is extremely important in the global context of increasing rates of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus and other non-communicable diseases (NCDs). In many cases, objective physical activity (PA) measurement approaches are also used to predict energy expenditure (EE). ![]() Physical activity measurement approaches are commonly used to quantify the amount and type of movement undertaken by individuals in different settings. The measures discussed include those based on EE or oxygen uptake including DLW, activity energy expenditure, physical activity level, and metabolic equivalent those based on heart rate monitoring and motion sensors and because of their widespread use, selected subjective measures. ![]() ![]() The goal of this review is to provide information on the utility and limitations of a range of objective measures of PA and their relationship with EE. Given the large number of assessment techniques currently used to estimate PA in humans, it is imperative to understand the relative merits of each. However, total energy expenditure, best assessed using the criterion doubly labeled water (DLW) technique, includes components in addition to physical activity energy expenditure, namely resting energy expenditure and the thermic effect of food. It is also important to appreciate that PA and EE are different constructs with PA defined as any bodily movement that results in EE and accordingly, energy is expended as a result of PA. The ability to assess energy expenditure (EE) and estimate physical activity (PA) in free-living individuals is extremely important in the global context of non-communicable diseases including malnutrition, overnutrition (obesity), and diabetes. ![]()
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